Survey indicates circulation of 4/91 and QX-type infectious bronchitis viruses in Hungary in 2014 — Short communication

Understanding the epidemiology and improving vaccinal protection against the highly variable chicken infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) requires the knowledge of circulating IBV serotypes/genotypes in defined geographic areas. Accordingly, the authors initiated a survey among the major poultry producers in Hungary in order to reveal the prevailing IBV serotypes in the country. Tracheal swabs and organ samples (caecal tonsils, kidneys, and trachea) were collected from broiler, layer, and meat-type breeder flocks, and were subjected to IBV detection by virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The IBV-positive samples were further characterised by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a portion of the S1 IBV gene. Seventeen out of the 26 submitted samples proved to be positive for IBV. Sequence analyses revealed ten 4/91 and six QX serotypes, and a single D274 type IB virus. One sample contained a mixture of QX and Massachusetts serotype viruses. Presumably most of the 4/91 and D274 type viruses were vaccine strains. The proportion of QX type viruses and their observed variation are in good agreement with the situation in a few other European countries. The detected viruses clustered largely according to their geographic origin, with a few exceptions. If updated regularly, the preliminary ‘virus map’ will be useful for the adjustment of vaccination protocols

Csirkék fertőző bronchitisének magyarországi előfordulása és genetikai jellemzése

A csirkék fertőző bronchitise (infectious bronchitis, IB) egy, általában csirkéket és fácánokat megbetegítő, jellemzően felső légúti, igen ragályos megbetegedés, amelynek kórokozója coronavírus. Egyes IB vírus (IBV) szerotípusokra jellemző a vesekárosító, ill. a petevezető-károsító hatás, ami magas mortalitást, ill. tojástermelési zavarokat okoz az érintett állományokban. Az IB okozta állategészségügyi, gazdasági károk csökkentésének hatékony eszközei a különféle vakcinák, melyek eredményes alkalmazását nehezíti a coronavírusokra jellemző a nagyfokú genetikai változékonyság. Fontos ezért feltérképezni adott földrajzi egységen belül előforduló IBV szerotípusokat/genotípusokat, elősegítve a védekezés eszközeinek hatékonyabb megválasztását. A dolgozat célkitűzése egy átfogó, a genetikai rokonsági viszonyokat feltáró felmérés készítése a Magyarországon előforduló fertőző bronchitis vírusokról, mely egyúttal egy hiánypótló vállalkozás, mert a hazai IBV törzsekről nem készült az egész országot lefedő tanulmány

Evaluation of the efficacy of liquid paraffin in the treatment of large colon impaction in horses

SUMMARY Background: Liquid paraffin is a widely used material worldwide for decades in the treatment of large colon impaction in horses. The efficacy of this treatment option has not been proved by clinical trials in horses. Conversely, there are several reports about the use of liquid paraffin in children, in which this material has proved efficient in the control of idiopathic constipation. On the other hand, there are no studies about efficiency in small animals, except one case report. Objectives: The aim of the current study was to review published data and present a retrospective case series of equine large colon impaction treated with liquid paraffin at the Department and Clinic of Equine Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, between 2015 and 2017. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine adult horses met the inclusion criteria: all animals had rectally palpable large colon impaction at admission. Horses were divided in two groups, the first group was treated with magnesium sulphate and a mixture of different salts (NaCl, KCl and NaHCO3 ) (salt group), and the second one received liquid paraffin beside the aforementioned salts (oil-salt group). Number and duration of treatments, and the amount of administered laxatives were recorded. Results and Discussion: Duration of hospitalisation in each group were compared: the average (mean) time spent at the clinic in the salt group was 3.25 days, and in the oil-salt group was 3.34 days. In this study population we found that there was no significant difference in efficacy of the treatment between the two groups (p = 0.86). Average (mean) hospitalisation period in the oil-salt group was slightly longer, compared to that of the salt group, which may lead us to the conclusion that liquid paraffin could even slow the transit time. In the light of our results, liquid paraffin did not accelerate disimpaction of the large colon in the examined horses